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Eleven years ago, we learned that every email we sent, every chat message, phone call, and document shared in the cloud was accessible to intelligence agencies of the United States and allied countries. This became known after Edward Snowden leaked thousands of documents from the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) published in some of the world’s most important media outlets. This column will recall some of the key facts of this story and reflect on what has changed since then.

This past July, the second annual report by the Open-ended Working Group on security of information at the UN was approved; in an agenda crowded with multilateral meetings, it emerges as a new forum for geopolitical conflicts that could affect all of cyberspace.